Kua kite ahau ko ngā pākahiko ka taea te whakahou ake ka hangaia i ngā whenua pēnei i a Haina, Kōrea ki te Tonga, me Hapani. He maha ngā āhuatanga e wehewehe ana i a rātou, he tino pai ēnei whenua.

• Kua tino hurihia te mahi a te pākahiko e ngā whanaketanga hangarau, pērā i te whanaketanga o ngā pākahiko lithium-ion me ngā pākahiko totoka.
• Nā te tautoko a te kāwanatanga mō ngā kaupapa pūngao hou kua waihangahia he taiao pai mō te mahi whakaputa.
• Nā te pikinga ake o te whakamahinga o ngā waka hiko kua piki ake te hiahia, ā, e tuku ana ngā kāwanatanga i ngā kaupapa whakatenatena hei whakatairanga i tēnei panonitanga.

Ko ēnei āhuatanga, me ngā mekameka tuku kaha me te urunga atu ki ngā rauemi mata, e whakamārama ana he aha ēnei whenua te kaiārahi o te ahumahi.

Ngā Whakaaro Matua

• Ko Haina, Kōrea ki te Tonga, me Hapani te nuinga o ngā kaihanga pākahiko ka taea te whakahou. He taputapu matatau ā rātou, ā, he pūnaha tuku kaha hoki.
• Kei te hanga pūhiko te US me Kānata ināianei. Kei te arotahi rātou ki te whakamahi i ngā rauemi me ngā wheketere o te rohe.
• He mea tino nui te noho hoa-taiao mō ngā kaihanga pākahiko. Ka whakamahi rātou i te pūngao matomato me ngā tikanga haumaru hei āwhina i te ao.
• Mā te hangarua ka whakaiti i te para me te whakaiti i te whakamahinga o ngā rauemi hou. Ka tautoko tēnei i te whakamahinga anō o ngā rauemi i runga i te huarahi mohio.
• Mā ngā hangarau hou, pērā i ngā pākahiko āhua-totoka, ka pai ake, ka haumaru ake hoki ngā pākahiko ā muri ake nei.

Ngā Pokapū Hangahanga o te Ao mō ngā Pūhiko Ka taea te Whakahoki Anō

Te Kaiārahi o Āhia i roto i te Hanga Pūhiko

Te mana o Haina i roto i te hanga pākahiko lithium-ion

Kua kite ahau ko Haina te kaiārahi o te mākete o te ao mō ngā pākahiko lithium-ion. I te tau 2022, i tukuna e te whenua te 77% o ngā pākahiko ka taea te whakahou o te ao. Ko tēnei mana nui i ahu mai i tana urunga whānui ki ngā rauemi mata pēnei i te lithium me te cobalt, me ngā āheinga hanga matatau. Kua nui hoki te haumi a te kāwanatanga o Haina ki ngā umanga pūngao whakahou me ngā waka hiko, ā, kua hangaia he pūnaha pakari mō te hanga pākahiko. Ko te rahinga o te hanga i Haina ka whakarite kia noho tonu te utu o ngā pākahiko ka taea te whakahou i hangaia i konei, ā, kia whānuitia te wātea.

Ngā whanaketanga o Kōrea ki te Tonga i roto i te hangarau pākahiko mahi teitei

Kua whakatōkia e Kōrea ki te Tonga tētahi wāhi motuhake i roto i te hanga pākahiko mahi-teitei. Ko ngā kamupene pēnei i a LG Energy Solution me Samsung SDI e arotahi ana ki te whakawhanake i ngā pākahiko he nui ake te kaha o te pūngao me ngā āheinga utu tere ake. Ki ahau nei he mea whakamiharo tā rātou aro nui ki te rangahau me te whanaketanga, nā te mea ka akiaki i te auahatanga i roto i te umanga. Ko te tohungatanga o Kōrea ki te Tonga ki ngā hikohiko kaihoko ka whakakaha ake i tōna tūranga hei kaiārahi i roto i te hangarau pākahiko.

Te rongonui o Hapani mō te kounga me te auahatanga

Kua rongonui a Hapani mō te whakaputapākahiko kounga teitei ka taea te whakahouKo ngā kaihanga pēnei i a Panasonic e whakatairanga ana i te tika me te pono, ā, e tino hiahiatia ana ā rātou hua. E mihi ana ahau ki te whakapau kaha o Hapani ki te auahatanga, inā koa ki te rangahau pākahiko totoka. Mā tēnei arotahi ki te hangarau matatau ka noho tonu a Hapani hei kaitākaro matua i te mākete pākahiko o te ao.

Te Whānuitanga o te Tūranga o Amerika Te Raki

Te arotahi a te Hononga o Amerika ki te hanga pākahiko ā-rohe

Kua tino whakanuia e te Hononga o Amerika tana mahi i roto i te hanga pākahiko i roto i te tekau tau kua pahure ake nei. Ko te pikinga ake o te tono mō ngā waka hiko me te rokiroki pūngao whakahou kua akiaki i tēnei tipu. Kua tautoko te kāwanatanga o Amerika i te umanga mā roto i ngā kaupapa me ngā haumitanga, ā, kua piki ake te kaha o te pūngao whakahou mai i te tau 2014 ki te 2023. Ko California me Texas inaianei te kaiārahi i roto i te kaha rokiroki pākahiko, me ngā mahere ki te whakawhānui ake. Ki taku whakaaro mā tēnei arotahi ki te hanga ā-rohe ka whakaiti i te whakawhirinaki ki ngā kawemai me te whakapakari i te tūranga o Amerika i roto i te mākete o te ao.

Te tūranga o Kanata i roto i te tuku rauemi mata me te hanga

He mahi nui tā Kanata ki te whakarato rauemi mata pērā i te nikara me te konupora, he mea nui mō ngā pākahiko ka taea te whakahou i hangaia puta noa i te ao. Kua tīmata hoki te whenua ki te haumi ki ngā whare hanga pākahiko hei whakamahi i ōna rawa rauemi. Ki taku whakaaro he nekehanga rautaki ngā mahi a Kanata ki te whakauru atu i a ia ki roto i te mekameka tuku pākahiko o te ao.

Te Ahumahi Pūhiko e Tipu Ana i Ūropi

Te pikinga ake o ngā wheketere nui i Tiamana me Huitene

Kua ara ake a Ūropi hei pokapū tipu haere mō te hanga pākahiko, ko Tiamana me Huitene te hunga e ārahi ana. Ko ngā wheketere nui o ēnei whenua e arotahi ana ki te whakatutuki i te hiahia e piki haere ana o te rohe mō ngā waka hiko. Ki ahau nei he mea whakamiharo te rahi o ēnei whare, nā te mea ko tā rātou whāinga he whakaiti i te whakawhirinaki o Ūropi ki ngā kawemai mai i Āhia. E whakanui ana hoki ēnei wheketere i te oranga tonutanga, e hangai ana ki ngā whāinga taiao a Ūropi.

Ngā kaupapa here a te EU e whakatenatena ana i te whakaputanga ā-rohe

Kua whakatinanahia e te Kotahitanga o Ūropi ngā kaupapa here hei whakanui ake i te hanga pākahiko ā-rohe. Ko ngā kaupapa pēnei i te European Battery Alliance e whai ana ki te whakarite rauemi mata me te whakatairanga i ngā mahi ōhanga porowhita. Ki taku whakaaro ehara i te mea ka whakarei ake i te kaha whakaputa a Ūropi anake ēnei mahi engari ka whakarite hoki i te pumau tonu o te umanga mō te wā roa.

Ngā Rauemi me ngā Tukanga i roto i te Hanga Pūhiko Whakahoki Anō

Ngā Rauemi Mata Matua

Ritiuma: He wāhanga nui o ngā pākahiko ka taea te whakahou

He mea nui te mahi a te lithium i roto i te hanga pākahiko ka taea te whakahou. Kua kite ahau he mea nui te lithium-ion nā tōna mama me te matotoru o te pūngao. Heoi, he maha ngā wero taiao kei te keri lithium. He maha ngā wā ka puta te parahanga o te hau me te wai i ngā tukanga tangohanga, te whakahekenga whenua, me te poke o te wai whenua. I ngā rohe pēnei i te Democratic Republic of the Congo, kua nui te kino o te taiao i puta mai i te keri cobalt, ā, kua whakaatuhia e te tātaritanga amiorangi i Cuba neke atu i te 570 heketea o te whenua kua pakoko nā ngā mahi keri nickel me te cobalt. Ahakoa ēnei wero, kei te noho tonu te lithium hei poutokomanawa o te hangarau pākahiko.

Ko te kopara me te nikara: Te mea nui ki te mahi a te pākahiko

He mea nui te kopara me te nikara hei whakarei ake i te mahi a te pākahiko. Ka whakapai ake ēnei konganuku i te kiato pūngao me te roa o te ora, ā, he mea nui mō ngā mahi pēnei i ngā waka hiko. He mea whakamīharo ki ahau te whai wāhi a ēnei rauemi ki te whai huatanga o ngā pākahiko ka taea te whakahou ake e hangaia ana puta noa i te ao. Heoi, he nui te kaha e tangohia ana i roto i ēnei rauemi, ā, he tūponotanga ki ngā rauropi me ngā hapori o te rohe. Ka pā kino ngā turuturu konganuku paitini mai i ngā mahi keri ki te hauora o te tangata me te taiao.

Karāpiti me ētahi atu rauemi tautoko

Ko te karāpiti te rauemi matua mō ngā anode pākahiko. Nā tōna kaha ki te penapena i ngā iona lithium me te whai hua, he mea nui tēnei wāhanga. Ko ētahi atu rauemi, pērā i te manganese me te konumohe, he tautoko anō hoki i te whakapai ake i te pumau me te kawe hiko o te pākahiko. Ki taku whakaaro ko ēnei rauemi katoa ka whakarite i te pono me te mahi a ngā pākahiko o ēnei rā.

Ngā Tukanga Hanga Matua

Te keri me te whakamahine i ngā rauemi mata

Ka tīmata te hanga pākahiko ka taea te whakahou mā te keri me te whakamahine i ngā rauemi mata. Ko tēnei mahi ko te tango i te lithium, te cobalt, te nickel, me te graphite mai i te whenua. Mā te whakamahine i ēnei rauemi ka tutuki i a rātou ngā paerewa parakore e hiahiatia ana mō te hanga pākahiko. Ahakoa he nui te kaha e hiahiatia ana i tēnei tukanga, ka whakatakoto i te turanga mō ngā pākahiko kounga teitei.

Te huihuinga pūtau me te hanga kete pākahiko

He maha ngā mahi uaua o te huihuinga pūtau. Tuatahi, ka whakaranua ngā rauemi hohe kia tutuki ai te matotoru tika. Kātahi ka pania ngā para ki runga i ngā pepa whakarewa, ka whakamarokehia kia hanga he paparanga tiaki. Ka pēhia ngā irahiko kua pania mā te maramataka hei whakanui ake i te kiato pūngao. Hei whakamutunga, ka tapahia ngā irahiko, ka huihuia ki ngā wehewehe, ā, ka whakakīia ki ngā irahiko. Ki ahau nei he mea whakamīharo tēnei tukanga nā tōna tika me tōna uaua.

Ngā tikanga whakahaere kounga me te whakamātautau

Ko te whakahaere kounga hehe wāhanga nui o te hanga pākahikoHe mea nui ngā tikanga tirotiro whai hua hei kimi i ngā hapa, hei whakarite hoki i te pono. Kua kite ahau he wero nui te whakataurite i te kounga me te whai huatanga o te whakaputa. Ka taea e ngā pūtau hapa e mawhiti ana i te wheketere te kino ki te ingoa o te kamupene. Nō reira, he nui te haumi a ngā kaihanga ki ngā tikanga whakamātautau hei pupuri i ngā paerewa teitei.

Ngā Pānga Taiao me te Ōhanga o te Hanga Pūhiko Whakahoki Anō

Ngā Wero Taiao

Ngā pānga o te keri me te paunga o ngā rauemi

He nui ngā wero taiao e pā ana ki te keri rauemi pēnei i te lithium me te cobalt. Kua kite ahau he nui te wai e hiahiatia ana mō te tango lithium—tae atu ki te 2 miriona tāne mō te kotahi tāne o te lithium. Nā tēnei kua tino heke te wai i ngā rohe pēnei i te South American Lithium Triangle. Ka whakangaromia hoki e ngā mahi keri ngā nohoanga me te whakapoke i ngā rauropi. Ka poke ngā matū kino e whakamahia ana i te wā e tangohia ana i ngā puna wai, ka whakararu i te oranga wai me te hauora o te tangata. E whakaatu ana ngā whakaahua amiorangi i ngā whenua pakoko i puta mai i te keri nikara me te cobalt, e whakaatu ana i te kino roa ki ngā rauropi o te rohe. Ehara i te mea ka whakaiti noa i te taiao ēnei mahi engari ka tere ake te hekenga o ngā rauemi, ka ara ake ngā āwangawanga mō te oranga tonutanga.

Ngā āwangawanga mō te hangarua me te whakahaere para

He mahi uaua tonu te hangarua i ngā pākahiko ka taea te whakahou. He mea whakamīharo ki ahau te huarahi e whai wāhi ai ngā pākahiko kua whakamahia ki ngā mahi maha, tae atu ki te kohikohi, te whakarōpū, te haehae, me te wehewehe, hei whakaora i ngā konganuku utu nui pēnei i te lithium, te nickel, me te cobalt. Ahakoa ēnei mahi, he iti tonu ngā reiti hangarua, ā, ka piki ake te para hiko. Ko ngā tikanga hangarua koretake ka whai wāhi ki te moumou rauemi me te parahanga taiao. Mā te whakatū kaupapa hangarua whai hua ka taea te whakaiti i te para me te whakaiti i te hiahia mō ngā mahi keri hou. Mā tēnei ka āwhina i te aro atu ki ngā āwangawanga taiao e tipu haere ana e pā ana ki te hanga pākahiko ka taea te whakahou.

Ngā Take Ōhanga

Ngā utu mō ngā rauemi mata me te mahi

He nui ngā utu mō te hanga pākahiko ka taea te whakahou nā te mea he nui ngā rauemi onge pērā i te lithium, te cobalt, me te nickel. Ehara i te mea he utu nui ēnei rauemi engari he nui hoki te kaha ki te tango me te tukatuka. Ka tāpiri atu ngā utu mahi ki ngā whakapaunga katoa, inā koa i ngā rohe he tino kaha ngā ture haumaru me te taiao. Ki taku whakaaro he nui te pānga o ēnei āhuatanga ki te utu o ngā pākahiko ka taea te whakahou i hangaia puta noa i te ao. Ka piki ake hoki ngā utu whakaputa nā ngā āwangawanga mō te haumaru, pērā i te mōrearea o te pahūtanga me te ahi, nā te mea me haumi ngā kaihanga ki ngā mahi haumaru matatau.

Te whakataetae ā-ao me ngā whanaketanga hokohoko

Ko te whakataetae ā-ao te mea e akiaki ana i te auahatanga i roto i te umanga pākahiko ka taea te whakahou. Kei te whakawhanake tonu ngā kamupene i ngā hangarau hou kia noho tonu ai ki mua. Me urutau ngā rautaki utu kia noho whakataetae tonu ai i roto i te mākete e awehia ana e ngā hononga rautaki me ngā whānuitanga ā-rohe. Kua kite ahau he mea nui te mahi a ngā mākete hou ki te hanga i ngā hihiri hokohoko. Ko te whakawhānui ake i te kaha whakaputa i ngā rohe pēnei i Amerika Te Raki me Ūropi ehara i te mea ka whakaiti noa i te whakawhirinaki ki ngā kawemai engari ka hangai hoki ki ngā kaupapa here a te kāwanatanga e whakatairanga ana i ngā hangarau matomato. Ka hangaia he whai wāhitanga mō te waihanga mahi me te tipu ōhanga.

Ngā Mahi Whakapūmau

Ngā mahi auaha i roto i ngā tikanga whakaputa e pai ana ki te taiao

Kua noho te oranga tonutanga hei kaupapa matua i roto i te hanga pākahiko. E mihi ana ahau ki te huarahi e whakamahia ana e ngā kamupene ngā tikanga whakaputa e pai ana ki te taiao hei whakaiti i ō rātou pānga ki te taiao. Hei tauira, kei te whakamahi ētahi kaihanga i ngā puna pūngao hou hei whakakaha i ā rātou whare. Ko ngā auahatanga i roto i te hoahoa pākahiko e aro ana ki te whakaiti i te hiahia mō ngā rauemi onge, kia pai ake ai te oranga tonutanga o te whakaputanga. Ehara i te mea ka whakaiti noa i ngā tukunga waro ēnei mahi engari ka whai wāhi hoki ki te ōhanga porowhita mā te whakatairanga i te whakamahinga anō o ngā rauemi.

Ngā kaupapa here e whakatairanga ana i ngā mahi ōhanga porowhita

Kei te whakatinanahia e ngā kāwanatanga o te ao ngā kaupapa here hei whakatenatena i ngā mahi tauwhiro i roto i te hanga pākahiko. Ko ngā whakahau mō te kawenga kaihanga whānui (EPR) e pupuri ana i ngā kaihanga ki te kawenga mō te whakahaere i ngā pākahiko i te mutunga o tō rātou huringa ora. Ko ngā whāinga hangarua me te putea mō te rangahau me te whanaketanga e tautoko ana i ēnei kaupapa. Ki taku whakaaro ka tere ake te whakauru i ngā mahi ōhanga porowhita e ēnei kaupapa here, me te whakarite kia iti ake te tapuwae taiao o ngā pākahiko ka taea te whakahou i hangaia i ēnei rā. Mā te whakatairanga i te tauwhiro, ka taea e te umanga te whakatutuki i te tipu roa me te aro atu ki ngā āwangawanga taiao.

Ngā Auahatanga o te Ao kei te heke maiTe Hanga Pūhiko Whakahoki Anō

Ngā Whakatairanga Hangarau

Ngā pākahiko totoka me ō rātou pūmanawa

Ki taku titiro, he mea nui te whakarerekētanga o ngā pākahiko totoka i roto i te umanga. Ka whakakapia e ēnei pākahiko ngā irahiko wai ki ngā irahiko totoka, ā, he nui ngā painga e tukuna ana. E whakaatu ana te ripanga i raro nei i ngā rerekētanga matua i waenga i ngā pākahiko totoka me ngā pākahiko lithium-ion tuku iho:

He tere ake te utu me te haumaru o ēnei pākahiko. Heoi anō, he wero tonu te nui o ngā utu whakaputa. Ki taku whakaaro mā te whanaketanga o ngā tikanga hanga ka ngāwari ake te uru atu ki ēnei pākahiko ā muri ake nei.

Ngā whakapainga o te mātotoru o te pūngao me te tere utu

Kei te ahu whakamua te umanga ki te whakapai ake i te mahi a te pākahiko. Ki ahau nei he mea tino hira ngā whanaketanga e whai ake nei:

• Ka whakamahia e ngā pākahiko lithium-whanariki ngā cathode whanariki mama, hei whakanui ake i te mātotoru o te pūngao.
• Kei te hurihia e ngā anode silicon me ngā hoahoa āhua-totoka te rokiroki pūngao mō ngā waka hiko (EV).
• Ka tino whakaitihia te wā utu e ngā teihana utu mana-tiketike me ngā rihi hiko-carbohydrate.
• Mā te utu ā-rua-ahunga ka taea e ngā EV te whakau i ngā whatunga hiko me te mahi hei puna hiko tārua.

Mā ēnei auahatanga ka nui ake te whai hua me te maha o ngā whakamahinga o ngā pākahiko ka taea te whakahou ake i hangaia i ēnei rā i tō mua.

Te Whakawhanui i te Kaha Whakaputa

Ngā wheketere nunui me ngā whare hou puta noa i te ao

Nā te hiahia mō ngā pākahiko kua piki ake te hanga whare nui. Kei te haumi nui ngā kamupene pēnei i a Tesla me Samsung SDI ki ngā whare hou. Hei tauira:

1. I tohaina e Tesla te $1.8 piriona ki te R&D i te tau 2015 hei whakawhanake i ngā pūtau lithium-ion matatau.
2. Kua whakawhānui ake a Samsung SDI i ana mahi ki Hanekari, Haina, me te US

Ko te whāinga o ēnei haumitanga he whakatutuki i te hiahia e tipu haere ana mō ngā waka hiko, ngā hiko kawe, me te rokiroki pūngao hou.

Te kanorau ā-rohe hei whakaiti i ngā mōrearea o te mekameka tuku

Kua kite ahau i tētahi nekehanga ki te kanorau ā-rohe i roto i te hanga pākahiko. Mā tēnei rautaki ka whakaitihia te whakawhirinaki ki ngā rohe motuhake, ka whakapakari hoki i ngā mekameka tuku. Kei te akiaki ngā kāwanatanga o te ao i ngā mahi hanga ā-rohe kia whakarei ake i te haumarutanga pūngao me te waihanga mahi. Mā tēnei ia ka whakarite kia kaha ake, kia taurite ake hoki te mākete pākahiko o te ao.

Te Oranga Tonu hei Kaupapa Matua

Te whakanui ake i te whakamahinga o ngā rauemi hangarua

He mea nui te hangarua i roto i te hanga pākahiko pumau. Ahakoa he tokomaha e whakapono ana ko te 5% anake o ngā pākahiko lithium-ion ka hangarua, kei te akiakihia e ngā kaupapa ōhanga te huringa. Mā te hangarua i ngā konganuku utu nui pēnei i te lithium me te cobalt ka whakaitihia te hiahia mō ngā mahi keri hou. Ki taku titiro he taahiraa nui tēnei ki te whakaiti i te pānga ki te taiao.

Te whakawhanaketanga o ngā wheketere e whakakahangia ana e te pūngao matomato

Kei te whakamahi ngā kaihanga i te pūngao hou hei whakakaha i ā rātou whare. Ka whakaitihia e tēnei panonitanga ngā tukunga waro, ā, ka hāngai ki ngā whāinga oranga tonutanga o te ao. E mihi ana ahau ki te whai wāhi a ēnei mahi ki tētahi ōhanga porowhita, me te whakarite kia tautokona e ngā pākahiko ka taea te whakahou i hangaia i ēnei rā tētahi heke mai matomato.

Ko te nuinga o ngā pākahiko ka taea te whakahou ka hangaia ki Āhia, ā, kei te piki haere te hiranga o Amerika Te Raki me Ūropi. Kua kite ahau ko te tukanga whakaputa ka whakawhirinaki ki ngā rauemi mata nui pēnei i te lithium me te cobalt, me ngā tikanga hanga matatau. Heoi, kei te mau tonu ngā wero pēnei i ngā utu pumau teitei, te whakawhirinaki ki ngā rauemi onge, me ngā mōrearea haumarutanga tuku. Ko ngā kaupapa here a te kāwanatanga, tae atu ki ngā paerewa haumaru me ngā aratohu hangarua, ka hanga i te ahunga o te umanga. Ko ngā mahi pumau, pēnei i te tango i te pūngao whakahou me ngā mahi keri taiao-hoa, kei te huri i te heke mai o ngā pākahiko ka taea te whakahou i hangaia i ēnei rā. E whakaatu ana ēnei au i tētahi nekehanga whai hua ki te auahatanga me te kawenga taiao.

Ngā Pātai Auau

Ko ēhea ngā whenua matua e hanga ana i ngā pākahiko ka taea te whakahou?

Ko Haina, Kōrea ki te Tonga, me Hapani te hunga e kaha ana ki te hanga pākahiko o te ao. Kei te whakawhānui ake te Hononga o Amerika me Ūropi i ō rātou tūranga me ngā whakaurunga me ngā kaupapa here hou. He tino pai ēnei rohe nā te hangarau matatau, te urunga atu ki ngā rauemi mata, me ngā mekameka tuku kaha.

He aha te hiranga o te lithium i roto i ngā pākahiko ka taea te whakahou?

He nui te kaha o te konutai, ā, he māmā hoki ōna āhuatanga, he mea nui mō ngā pākahiko konutai-ion. Mā ōna āhuatanga ahurei ka taea te penapena pūngao whai hua, he mea nui tēnei mō ngā mahi pēnei i ngā waka hiko me ngā taputapu hiko kawe.

Me pēhea te whakarite a ngā kaihanga i te kounga o te pākahiko?

Ka whakamahia e ngā kaihanga ngā tukanga whakahaere kounga pakari, tae atu ki te kimi hapa me te whakamātautau mahi. Mā ngā tikanga tirotiro matatau ka whakarite i te pono me te haumaru, he mea nui ēnei hei pupuri i te whakawhirinaki o ngā kiritaki me te whakatutuki i ngā paerewa ahumahi.

He aha ngā wero e pā ana ki te umanga pākahiko?

He wero kei mua i te umanga pēnei i te utu nui o ngā rauemi mata, ngā āwangawanga taiao mai i te keri maina, me ngā mōrearea o te mekameka tuku. Ka arohia ēnei take e ngā kaihanga mā roto i ngā auahatanga, ngā kaupapa hangarua, me te kanorau ā-rohe.

He pēhea te hanga a te oranga tonutanga i te hanga pākahiko?

Mā te oranga tonutanga ka whakamahia ngā tikanga e pai ana ki te taiao, pērā i te whakamahi i te pūngao hou i roto i ngā wheketere me te hangarua i ngā rauemi. Ka whakaitihia e ēnei mahi te pānga ki te taiao, ā, ka hangai ki ngā whāinga ā-ao mō tētahi heke mai matomato.