E mōhio ana ahau mō tētahi pākahiko kawakore, ko te tohu CE te tiwhikete tino nui i roto i te EU. Mō te US, ka arotahi ahau ki te tutuki i ngā ture ā-motu mai i te CPSC me te DOT. He mea nui tēnei, inā koa ko te mākete o US anake e matapaetia ana ka eke ki te USD 4.49 piriona i te tau 2032, e whakaatu ana i te hiranga nui o ēnei paerewa.

Ngā Whakaaro Matua

• Ngā pākahiko kawakoreme rerekē ngā ture i roto i te EU me te US. Kotahi te ture matua e whakamahia ana e te EU, ko te tohu CE. He maha ngā ture a te US mai i ngā rōpū rerekē.
• Mā te whai i ēnei ture ka noho haumaru te tangata. Ka tiakina hoki te taiao. Ko te tikanga kāore he matū kino i roto i ngā pākahiko, ā, ka makahia atu i te huarahi tika.
• Mā te tutuki i ēnei ture ka āwhina i ngā kamupene ki te hoko i ā rātou pākahiko. Ka hanga hoki i te whakawhirinaki ki ngā kiritaki. E whakaatu ana tēnei kei te aro nui te kamupene ki te haumaru me te kounga.

Ngā Tiwhikete Whakahau mō ngā Pūhiko Kawakore i te Kotahitanga o Ūropi (EU)

Te Tohu CE: Te Whakapūmau i te Whakaritenga mō ngā Pūhiko Kawakore

Ka mārama ahauTohu CEHe whakaritenga nui tēnei mō te whakatakotoranga o ngā hua, tae atu ki ngā pākahiko kawakore, ki te mākete o te Kotahitanga o Ūropi. E tohu ana tēnei tohu i te tutuki o te hua ki ngā ture hauora, haumaru, me te tiaki taiao o te EU. Ehara i te tohu kounga, engari he whakapuakitanga nā te kaihanga e tutuki ana te hua i ngā tohutohu me ngā ture katoa e pā ana ki te EU.

Ina whakaarohia e au ngā paerewa hangarau me ngā tohutohu motuhake mō te tohu CE mō ngā pākahiko kawakore, ka kitea e au he tohu tēnei ki ētahi tuhinga matua:

• Aratohu Pūhiko
• Ture RoHS
• prEN IEC 60086-1: Ngā pākahiko matua – Wāhanga 1: Whānui
• prEN IEC 60086-2-1: Ngā pākahiko matua – Wāhanga 2-1: Ngā whakatakotoranga ā-tinana me te hiko o ngā pākahiko me te irahiko wai

E mōhio ana ahau he nui ngā pānga kino o te kore e tutuki i ngā whakaritenga tohu CE.

E ai ki te Ture 20(5) o te Ture EU 2023/1542 mō ngā Pūhiko me ngā Pūhiko Para: "Me hanga e ngā Whenua Mema ngā tikanga o nāianei hei whakarite kia tika te whakamahinga o te tikanga e whakahaere ana i te tohu CE, ā, me mahi i ngā mahi tika mēnā ka whakamahia hē taua tohu."

Mēnā ka kitea he hua, kei raro i te mana o te tohu CE, kāore i te whai tohu taua, kāore rānei i te whai ture, ka whai mana te kāwanatanga o te whenua mema ki te whakatinana i ngā tikanga whakahaere. Ka uru pea ēnei mahi ki te tango i te mākete me te whakatakoto whiu. Kei ngā kaihanga, ngā kaikawemai, me/ngā māngai whai mana rānei te kawenga mō ngā take o te tohu CE ture kore, te kore rānei e tutuki i ngā paerewa kua whakaritea e te EU.

Mā te kore e tutuki i ngā whakaritenga tohu CE mō ngā pākahiko i te EU ka arahi pea ki:

• Te hopu me te whakangaromanga o ngā hua e ngā mana whakahaere tikanga.
• Te raupatu i ngā moni whiwhi.
• Te whakamutua tonutia o ngā rārangi e pāngia ana mō ngā kaihoko Amazon.

Ture mō te Pūhiko a te EU: Ngā Whakaritenga Motuhake mō ngā Pūhiko Kawakore

E mōhio ana ahau he mahi nui tā te EU Battery Directive i roto i te whakahaere i ngā pākahiko i roto i te mākete Pākehā. Ko te whāinga o tēnei aratohu he whakaiti i te pānga kino o ngā pākahiko ki te taiao me te hauora o te tangata. E whakatakoto ana i ngā whakaritenga motuhake mō te hoahoa, te hanga, me te whakakorenga o ngā pākahiko, tae atu ki ngā pākahiko kawakore.

Ko ngā ture hou o Ūropi, e whai mana ana i te marama o Mei 2021, e whakahau ana i ngā whakaritenga motuhake mō ngā pākahiko kawakore. Kei roto i ēnei ko te rohenga ihirangi mekuri iti iho i te 0.002% mā te taumaha (ko te mea pai ko te kore mekuri) me te whakaurunga o ngā tapanga kaha. Me tohu e ēnei tapanga te kaha pūngao i roto i ngā haora-watt mō ngā rahi AA, AAA, C, me D. Hei tāpiri, me tutuki i ngā pākahiko kawakore ngā paearu whai hua taiao hei whakarite i te rokiroki pūngao whai hua puta noa i tō rātou roanga. E hiahiatia ana hoki e te ture kia whakaatuhia e ngā pākahiko katoa he tohu, he tohu rānei e tohu ana i tō rātou kaha. Ahakoa kāore te ture e tohu ana i tētahi paerewa ine, ka taea te tohu i te kaha mā te whakamahi i ngā waeine pēnei i te V, mAh, Ah rānei. Hei tāpiri, ko tētahi pākahiko kei roto neke atu i te 0.004% te mata me whakaatu te tohu 'Pb' i runga i tōna tapanga, ahakoa kāore i te herea te ihirangi mata.

Aratohu WEEE: Te Whakahaere i te Mutunga o te Ora mō ngā Pūhiko Kawakore

E mārama ana ahau ko te Ture Whakatakoto Para Hiko me ngā Taputapu Hikohiko (WEEE) e aro nui ana ki te whakahaere i te mutunga o te oranga o ngā hua hiko. Ahakoa e kapi ana te Ture Whakatakoto WEEE i te whānuitanga o ngā hikohiko, he ture motuhake tā te EU mō ngā pākahiko me ngā mea whakaemi, he rerekē i te Ture Whakatakoto WEEE. Ko te whāinga o tēnei ture motuhake he whakaiti i ngā rauemi morearea me te whakatū i te maimoatanga taiao mō ngā pākahiko para.

Me rēhita ngā kaihanga pākahiko me ngā kaiwhakaemi hiko ki ia whenua e hoko ana, e ripoata ana i ngā rahinga, me te putea i te maimoatanga e tutuki ana i ngā whakaritenga o ngā pākahiko mutunga-ora. E whai whakaaro ana te anga ā-motu mō te Kawenga Kaihanga Whānui (EPR) mō te pākahiko, ki ngā matū pākahiko katoa, tae atu ki te kawakore, tae atu ki ngā pākahiko iti (whakamahinga kotahi me te whakahou) me ngā pākahiko whakatakotoranga-waenga. He rite ngā herenga i raro i te ture pākahiko ki ērā i raro i te WEEE Directive e pā ana ki ngā whakaritenga whakahaere me ngā whakaritenga pūtea, engari he rerekē.

Ko ngā kawenga a te kaihanga mō te whakahaere i te mutunga o te ora o ngā pākahiko ko:

• Tikina he nama rēhita (nama tuakiri ahurei UIN).
• He kirimana me tētahi whakahaere kawenga mō te kaihanga.
• Pūrongohia ngā rahinga me ngā taumaha o ngā pākahiko e tukuna ana ki te mākete.

Ture REACH: Haumaru Matū mō ngā Pūhiko Kawakore

E mōhio ana ahau ko te Ture REACH (Rēhitatanga, Aromatawai, Whakamanatanga, me te Here i ngā Matū) tētahi atu wāhanga nui o te ture a te EU. Ko tōna whāinga he whakapai ake i te tiaki i te hauora tangata me te taiao mai i ngā mōrearea ka puta mai i ngā matū. Ka pā te REACH ki ngā matū i hangaia, i kawemai rānei ki te EU, tae atu ki ngā mea e kitea ana i roto i ngā pākahiko kawakore. E hiahiatia ana kia tautuhia e ngā kamupene me te whakahaere i ngā mōrearea e pā ana ki ngā matū e hangaia ana e rātou, e hokohoko ana hoki i roto i te EU.

Te Aratohu RoHS: Te Whakawhāiti i ngā Matū Morearea i roto i ngā Pūhiko Kawakore

E mōhio ana ahau he pānga tika te RoHS Directive (Restriction of Moldous Substances) ki te hanganga o ngā pākahiko kawakore. Ka herea e tēnei aratohu te whakamahinga o ngā rauemi morearea motuhake e kitea ana i roto i ngā hua hiko me ngā hua hikohiko. Ko tana whāinga he ārai i ēnei matū kei kino ki te hauora o te tangata me te taiao.

E whakatakoto ana te RoHS Directive i ngā kukū mōrahi e whakaaetia ana mō ngā momo matū kino. Kua whakarārangihia e au ēnei rohe ki te ripanga i raro nei:

He āwhina anō hoki tēnei tūtohi ki ahau mō te whakaatu i ēnei here:

Mā ēnei ture ka whakarite kia tutuki i ngā hua, tae atu ki ngā pākahiko kawakore, e hokona ana i te EU ngā paerewa haumaru me te taiao tino pakari.

Ngā Ture Matua me ngā Paerewa mō ngā Pūhiko Kawakore i te Hononga o Amerika (US)

Ngā Ture CPSC: Te Haumaru Kaihoko mō ngā Pūhiko Kawakore

I te Hononga o Amerika, ka titiro ahau ki te Komihana Haumaru Hua Kaihoko (CPSC) hei whakarite i te haumaru o ngā kaihoko. Ka tiakina e te CPSC te marea mai i ngā mōrearea koretake o te whara, te mate rānei e pā ana ki ngā hua kaihoko. Ahakoa kāore he ture motuhake a te CPSC mō ngā pākahiko kawakore anake, kei raro i te mana whānui o ēnei pākahiko hei whakarite i te haumaru o ngā hua. E mārama ana ahau me whakarite e ngā kaihanga kāore ā rātou hua pākahiko kawakore e whakaatu i te mōrearea nui. Kei roto i tēnei ko te ārai i ngā take pēnei i te turuturu, te wera nui, te pahūtanga rānei ka pā kino ki ngā kaihoko. Ka taea e te CPSC te tuku whakahokinga mai, te tono rānei i ngā mahi whakatika mēnā ka kitea he kore haumaru tētahi hua, tae atu ki te pākahiko kawakore. Ka whakatairanga tonu ahau i te hoahoa i ngā hua e tutuki ana i ēnei tumanakohanga haumaru taketake.

Ngā Ture a te DOT: Te Kawe Haumaru o ngā Pūhiko Kawakore

Ka whakaarohia hoki e au ngā ture a te Tari Waka (DOT) mō te kawe haumaru o ngā pākahiko kawakore. Ka whakatakoto te DOT i ngā ture mō te tākai, te tapanga, me te whakahaere i ngā rauemi morearea i te wā e tukuna ana mā te rangi, te moana, te whenua rānei. Mō ngā pākahiko kawakore, ki taku whakaaro he mea kāore e morearea mō te kawe. Ko te tikanga, kāore e hiahiatia ana ngā ture tino kaha e pā ana ki ngā pākahiko lithium-ion, hei tauira. Heoi, ka whakarite tonu ahau i te tākai tika hei ārai i ngā ara iahiko poto, i ngā kino rānei i te wā e tukuna ana. Ka piri taku kamupene ki ngā wāhanga e tika ana o te 49 CFR (Code of Federal Regulations) Part 173, e whakamārama ana i ngā whakaritenga whānui mō ngā tuku me ngā tākai. Mā tēnei ka whakarite kia tae haumaru, kia tutuki hoki ā mātou hua ki tō rātou ūnga.

Ngā Ture Motuhake a te Kāwanatanga: Te Ture Whakatakotoranga 65 o California me ngā Pūhiko Kawakore

Ina whakaaro ahau ki te hoko hua puta noa i te US, ka aro nui ahau ki ngā ture motuhake a te kawanatanga, inā koa ko te California Proposition 65 (Prop 65). E hiahiatia ana e tēnei ture kia whakatūpato ngā pakihi ki ngā tāngata o California mō ngā pānga nui ki ngā matū e puta ai te mate pukupuku, ngā whānautanga hapa, me ētahi atu kino ki te whānau uri. Mena kei roto i te pākahiko kawakore tetahi o ngā matū kei runga i te rārangi Prop 65, ahakoa he iti noa iho, me whakarato e au he tapanga whakatūpato mārama me te whaitake. Ka pā tēnei ture ki te āhua o taku tapanga i ngā hua mō te mākete o California, kia whiwhi ai ngā kaihoko i ngā mōhiohio e tika ana mō ngā pānga matū pea.

Ngā Paerewa Ahumahi Tūao: UL me ANSI mō ngā Pūhiko Kawakore

Haunga ngā ture ā-ture, e mōhio ana ahau ki te hiranga o ngā paerewa ahumahi tūao i te US. He maha ngā wā ka tautuhia e ēnei paerewa ngā mahi pai rawa atu, ā, ka whakarei ake i te whakapono o ngā kaihoko. Ko Underwriters Laboratories (UL) me te American National Standards Institute (ANSI) ngā whakahaere matua e rua. Ka whakawhanakehia e te UL ngā paerewa haumaru, ka whakahaerehia hoki ngā whakamātautau hua me te tiwhikete. Ko te rārangi UL i runga i tētahi hua, ahakoa he tūao mō ngā pākahiko kawakore, he tohu i te tutuki i ngā paerewa haumaru pakari. Ka whakarite te ANSI i te whakawhanaketanga o ngā paerewa whakaae tūao. Mō ngā pākahiko kawe, he maha ngā wā ka kōrero ahau ki te raupapa paerewa ANSI C18. Ka hipokina e ēnei paerewa ngā āhuatanga, te mahi, me te haumaru o ngā pākahiko. Ko te piri ki ēnei paerewa tūao e whakaatu ana i taku whakapau kaha ki te kounga me te haumaru.

Tapanga FCC: Te Hiranga mō Ētahi Hua Pūhiko Kawakore

E mārama ana ahau kei te whakahaere te Federal Communications Commission (FCC) i ngā whakawhitiwhitinga ā-rohe me ngā whakawhitiwhitinga ā-ao mā te reo irirangi, te pouaka whakaata, te waea, te amiorangi, me te taura. Ko te tikanga, me whai tapanga FCC mō ngā taputapu hiko e tuku ana i te pūngao auau reo irirangi (RF). Kāore he pūngao RF e tukuna ana e te pākahiko kawakore takitahi, nō reira kāore e hiahiatia he tapanga FCC. Heoi, mēnā he wāhanga nui te pākahiko kawakore o tētahi taputapu hiko nui ake,e mahi anaka tukuna te pūngao RF—pērā i te mana mamao ahokore, i te taputapu kāinga atamai rānei—kātahi kate taputapu tonume whai tiwhikete FCC. I ēnei āhuatanga, ko te pākahiko he wāhanga o tētahi hua kua whakamanahia, engari ko te tapanga FCC e pā ana ki te taputapu whakamutunga, ehara i te pākahiko anake.

He aha te Hiranga o ēnei Tiwhikete mō ngā Pūhiko Kawakore

Te Whakapūmau i te Whakaurunga ki te Mākete me te Whakatutukitanga Ture

E mārama ana ahau ehara ngā tiwhikete i te arai ā-tari anake; he ara nui hoki ki te urunga ki te mākete. Ki ahau nei, ko te whakarite kiate tutuki i ngā tureko te tikanga ka taea te hoko atu i aku hua me te kore e aukati i roto i ngā mākete matua pēnei i te EU me te US. Hei tauira, ka pā te Ture Pūhiko a te EU ki ngā kaihanga, ngā kaihanga, ngā kawemai, me ngā kaituku katoa o ia momo pākahiko kei roto i te mākete EU. Kei roto i tēnei ko ngā kamupene o Amerika e hanga ana i ngā pākahiko, i ngā hikohiko rānei kei roto ngā pākahiko mēnā ka kaweake ki te EU. He nui ngā mōrearea pūtea mēnā kāore e tutuki i ngā whakaritenga. E mōhio ana ahau ka eke ngā whiu whakahaere mōrahi i roto i te EU ki te €10 miriona, tae atu ki te 2% o te tapeke o ngā huringa ā-tau o te ao mai i te tau pūtea o mua, ahakoa te nui ake. E whakanui ana tēnei i te hiahia nui kia piri ki ēnei ture.

Te Tiaki i ngā Kaihoko me te Taiao

Ki taku whakaaro he mea nui te mahi a ēnei tiwhikete ki te tiaki i ngā kaihoko me te taiao. Mā te piri ki ngā paerewa pēnei i te RoHS me te EU Battery Directive, ka whakarite ahau kia kore aku hua i ngā matū kino, ā, kua hangaia mō te whakahaere tika i te mutunga o te ora. Mā tēnei whakapau kaha ka tiakina te hauora o ngā kaihoko mā te ārai i te pānga ki ngā matū kino, ā, ka whakaiti i te pānga ki te taiao mā roto i ngā tikanga tika mō te whakakore me te hangarua. E whakaata ana i taku whakapau kaha ki te whakawhanake hua pumau me te haumaru.

Te Hanga Whakawhirinaki me te Ingoa Waitohu

Ki ahau nei, ko te whiwhi i ēnei tiwhikete he mea e pā ana kite hanga whakawhirinakime te whakarei ake i te ingoa o taku waitohu. Ina tutuki aku hua i ngā paerewa o te ao, he tohu tēnei i te kounga me te pono ki ngā kaihoko me ngā hoa pakihi. Ko tēnei whakapau kaha ki te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga e whakaatu ana i te pono me te kawenga o taku kamupene. Ka whakatipu i te whakapono ki aku hua, he mea tino nui mō te angitu roa me te kaiārahi mākete.

Te Whakataurite i ngā Huarahi Tiwhikete EU me US mō ngā Pūhiko Kawakore

Tohu CE Ā-ture vs. Whenua Pakaru o Amerika

E kite ana ahau i tētahi rerekētanga mārama i roto i ngā huarahi whakamana i waenga i te EU me te US. E whakamahi ana te EU i tētahi pūnaha kotahi me te tohu CE. E tohu ana tēnei tohu kotahi i te tutuki o tētahi pākahiko kawakore ki ngā tohutohu katoa a te EU. He uruwhenua whānui tēnei mō te urunga ki te mākete puta noa i ngā whenua mema katoa. Mā tēnei tukanga māmā ake ka māmā ake te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga mō ngā kaihanga pēnei i ahau. He rerekē, he nui ake te wehewehe o te whenua o te US. E whakatere ana ahau i ngā tari kāwanatanga pēnei i te CPSC me te DOT, ia tari me ā rātou ture motuhake e whakahaere ana i ngā āhuatanga rerekē o te haumaru hua me te kawe waka. Hei tāpiri, ko ngā ture motuhake a te kawanatanga, pēnei i te California Proposition 65, ka whakauru i ētahi atu whakaritenga. Ko te tikanga tēnei ka aro atu ahau ki ngā whakahaere ture maha me ngā paerewa kanorau hei whakarite i te tutuki katoa o aku hua i te mākete o te US. E hiahia ana tēnei huarahi maha-āhuatanga kia aro nui ki ngā taipitopito mō ia mana whakahaere.

Ngā Whāinga Tohatoha mō te Haumaru me te Tiaki Taiao

Ahakoa ngā hanganga ture rerekē, ki taku whakaaro he rite ngā whāinga matua o te EU me te US. E rua ngā mea e whakatairanga ana i te haumaru o te kaihoko. Ko tā rāua whāinga he tiaki i ngā kaiwhakamahi mai i ngā tūponotanga kino o te hua, me te whakarite kia haumaru ngā taonga mō tā rātou whakamahinga. He whāinga nui hoki te tiaki taiao. E whai ana ngā ture i ngā rohe e rua ki te whakaiti i te pānga taiao o ngā hua puta noa i tō rātou huringa ora. Kei roto i tēnei ko ngā here kaha ki ngā matū kino, e kitea ana i roto i te RoHS Directive a te EU me ngā āwangawanga rite i te US. Hei tāpiri, e whakatairanga ana ngā rohe e rua i te whakahaere kawenga mō te mutunga o te ora, me te whakatenatena i te hangarua me te whakakore tika. E whakarite ana ahau kia tutuki i aku hua ēnei whāinga, ahakoa te ara tiwhikete motuhake. Kei te mau tonu taku whakapau kaha ki te haumaru me te pumau puta noa i ngā mākete katoa e mahi ana ahau.

E whakaū ana ahau he mea nui te tohu CE mō te urunga atu ki te mākete o te EU, kia tutuki ai ngā paerewa hauora me te haumaru. Mō te US, ka whakamahia e au ngā paerewa ahumahi CPSC, DOT, me ngā paerewa tūao. He mea nui tēnei tutukitanga whānui. Mā tēnei ka tutuki haumaru, ture hoki aku hua ki ngā kaihoko, ka tiakina hoki te iwi me te ingoa o taku waitohu i roto i ēnei mākete nui.

Ngā Pātai Auau

He aha te rerekētanga matua i waenga i ngā tiwhikete pākahiko o te EU me te US?

Ki taku whakaaro, e whakamahi ana te EU i te tohu CE kotahi. E whakawhirinaki ana te US ki te whakakotahitanga o ngā ture ā-motu me ngā ture motuhake a te kawanatanga.

Ka aha mēnā kāore aku pākahiko kawakore e tutuki i ēnei tiwhikete?

E mōhio ana ahau mā te kore e tutuki i ngā whakaritenga ka arahi pea ki te whakakorenga o te urunga ki te mākete, te hopu i ngā hua, me ngā whiu pūtea nui. Ka kino hoki te ingoa o taku waitohu.

He aha te hiranga o ēnei tiwhikete mō ngā pākahiko kawakore?

Ki taku whakaaro, mā ēnei tiwhikete ka whakarite te haumaru o ngā kaihoko me te tiaki i te taiao. Ka whakamanahia hoki te urunga ture ki te mākete mō aku hua.